Impact of Maori Identity on Healthcare

Impact of Maori Identity on Healthcare 2. The principles of kawanatanga and tinorangatiratanga and its impact on the delivery of effective healthcare services. a.) tino rangatiratanga and Maori self-determination over health Since the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840, there have been problems within the Maori community. For instance, majority of the Maori chiefs were deprived of sustaining the power to rule community. With this big issue, it influences the delivery of effective healthcare services to the Maori people. There were Maori people who became a health practitioner during the early years. Some of them became a doctor. One of the Maori pioneers in the promotion of health is Maui Pomare. He became a successful doctor and a good example of a health leader. During his time, he vigilantly promote health by sharing his knowledge to his people. He gave suggestions and ideas to his native people so they can have a better way of healthy living. For example, he promoted proper hygiene and good sanitation. He also encouraged them to improve and maintain a good environment and safe water supply. Maori self-determination over health is an excellent way on how they really want to improve their way of living. It is basically a way of how to deal independently with tough situations so they can survive with the ever changing world. They promote a good and effective system that will suit to their needs of their native people (Maori). One good example is during 2010, a group of Maori health practitioner (nurses) who made an initiative in providing health care support to a community of native Maori and became successful due to the assistance that they received from the government. As mentioned above, the Treaty of Waitangi has a big impact on how the government deals with the Maori people. The Tino rangatiratanga, which means full authority of the Maori chieftains over their lands, villages and treasured things, has been a big issue until now. For the past years, the Maori people received less support from the government. Their cry for reforms were neglected. In terms of receiving effective healthcare services, the Maori people receive less. Aside from that, there are more Maori people who are poor, less educated, receive low salary, and a lower life expectancy than the non-Maori. In my opinion, the delivery of effective healthcare services will be attained if the government will allow the Maori people to participate in the decision making and planning of healthcare services for the Maori people. It will be good if they will be able to find a way to solve the issues relating to the Tino rangatiratanga of the Maori people. In addition, it will be helpful if the non-Maori will support activities and plan to help the Maori community receives a better healthcare services. b.) impact of Maori identity, beliefs, values and practices on healthcare practice The Maori identity changes as the years go by. Since their first interaction with the Europeans during 19th century until the present day, they continue to adapt to the system headed by the crown. During the early years, Maori people experienced prejudice. They were not treated fairly by the government. There are few educated Maori due to lack of support system from the government. During 1960s, there were Maori who were against the government. Many activist was formed in order to get the attention of the government. In the 1970s, they started to gain attention from the government, and there was a gradual progress of health care practice in Maori community. Despite the improvement in health care, until now the Maori has a poor healthcare practice. One of the contributing factors for this is their low educational attainment. A good evidence of this is that they have the highest death rate among other people living in New Zealand. In addition, for the Maori, a tattoo on a face is impor tant for them. It is a part of their identity. By understanding and respecting them, they can be given a better health care management. Maori belief has a huge impact on healthcare practice. Majority of the Maori people believe on many gods. They worship idols and other non-living things. Maori believes that if they were sick, the gods are punishing them. Instead of seeking help from a doctor they will go to their religious leaders. As a result, there is high death rate among Maori people than the non-Maori. Maori values and practices are associated with status (mana), restriction/protection (tapu), and revenge/ maintenance of balance (utu). This values and practices affect the healthcare practice by causing some conflicts and misunderstanding with the healthcare provider. As a result, Maori people tends to break the treatment plan created by the healthcare provider which leads to poor treatment outcome. It is vital to recognize the identity, beliefs, values and practices of the Maori in the aspect of healthcare practice. Recognition by the healthcare provider of Maori identity, beliefs, values and practices has a big impact on healthcare practice. Government actions on fulfilling the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi will help to initiate improvements on healthcare practice for Maori people. c.) impact of healthcare provider’s own culture, history, attitudes and life experiences on Maori consumers The healthcare provider’s own culture, history, attitudes and life experiences has a big impact on Maori consumers. This is evident on the studies conducted by various groups of the past years that focused on Maori health issues. According to the different health statistics, Maori has the highest rate of death among the different people living in New Zealand. The causes are related to misunderstanding, discrimination, mistrust, and non-recognition of identity of Maori. This is basically due to the differences between the groups of people that have lived together, the Maori and the non-Maori. Different programs have been implemented by the government to aid the Maori people to receive a good quality of health service from various healthcare providers. Some health sectors, like the Nursing Council of New Zealand, have made guidelines for nursing education for giving the nurses a view and knowledge on identifying barriers that must be eliminated in giving care for the Maori consumers. Non Maori (pakeha) healthcare provider’s culture, history, attitudes and life experiences are different from the Maori. The populace of New Zealand composed of people who come from different parts of the globe and they can have different beliefs and traditions. Because of their differences, it can be difficult to give proper healthcare needs of consumers. It is necessary for the healthcare provider (pakeha) to recognize that the Maori consumers are diverse. If not recognized, healthcare provider will give a poor healthcare service to the Maori consumers. An example is, if a Non Maori received a bad experience from a healthcare provider, the next time he wishes to seek help from a healthcare provider, he will still seek help to the same healthcare provider. On the other hand, many Maori consumers, if they received a news that one of them have a bad experience from a certain healthcare provider, they will be discouraged and instead of seeking help for their poor health condition , they will just go to their elders for help. Recognizing that the Maori consumers are diverse will also help promote understanding, trust, and respect that are necessary for building a good relationship. All in all, understanding the Maori people is necessary to become a good healthcare provider. Health support programs must continue to strive and work hand in hand with the Maori to achieve a successful outcome.

Advanced Microeconomics Essay

Question 1: Consumer Theory 1.1: In both the Marshallian and Hicksian consumer optimisation problems, it is assumed that consumers are supposed to be rational. The main focus of these problems are cost minimisation and utility maximisation, which play a huge part in consumer demand, but in real life, these are not the only problems that are considered. Also, it is assumed that every consumer’s indifference curve for two goods would be the same – they are very generalised models, and do not take into account other factors. For example, not many consumers would spend their entire budget on said goods – one thing to consider would be a consumer’s marginal propensity to consume and save. Though both of the problems provide a framework and model of consumer decisions, they are not plausible when applying them to real-life terms, because we have imperfect knowledge. 1.2: The expression given in the question, is the rearranged derivative of the Hicksian demand being equal to the Marshallian demand, when income from the budget constraint is equal to minimised expenditure, whereby m=ep, ÃŽ ¼. This is given by: dDdp= dHdp- dDdm . dedp using m = e. Shephard’s Lemma provides us an alternative way of deriving Hicksian demand functions, using e. It is given by: dedp= x* It is important to note that e is strictly increasing in p, due to Shephard’s Lemma, and x* >0,by assumption. Substituting this into the above expression gives: dDdp= dHdp- dDdm x*  This expression now represents a complete law of demand, as it has combined both Marshallian and Hicksian demand, whereby income from the budget constraint of Marshallian demand, is equal to minimised expenditure of Hicksian demand. Therefore, it has maximised utility and minimised cost simultaneously, to create an optimal quantity of demand in x*. The first term, dDdp, means that Marshallian demand (maximising utility) increases, relative to the price of the good. dHdp represents the Hicksian part of the expression, whereby expenditure is minimised, relative to the price of the good. Question 3: Adverse Selection, Moral Hazard and Insurance 3.1: Insurance markets are needed when risk is present. Risk occurs when there is uncertainty about the state of the world. For example, car drivers do not know if they will crash their car in future, and suffer a loss of wealth – so they would purchase insurance to eliminate this risk of loss, and protect them if they were to ever crash their car. Agents (buyers of insurance) will use insurance markets to transfer their income between different states of the world. This allows insurance markets to trade risk between high-risk and low-risk agents/states. These can be described as Pareto movements. A Pareto improvement is the allocation, or reallocation of resources to make one individual better off, without making another individual worse off. Another term for this is multi-criteria optimisation, where variables and parameters are manipulated to result in an optimal situation, where no further improvements can be made. When the situation occurs that no more improvements can be made , it is Pareto efficient. A condition for efficiency is the least risk-averse agent bears all the risk in an insurance market. If a risk-averse agent bears risk, they would be willing to pay to remove it. A risk-averse agent has a diminishing marginal utility of income; whereby his marginal utility is different across states, if his income is different across states. The agent would give up income in high-income states, in which his marginal utility is low, to have more income in low-income states (e.g. bad state of the world causing a loss of wealth), where his marginal utility would be high. If the insurance market is risk neutral, they will sell insurance to the customer, as long as the payment received is higher than the expected value of pay-outs that the insurer is contracted to give to the customer in different states of the world. Whenever the agent bears some risk, unexploited gains from trade exist. Absence of unexploited gains from trade is a requirement in an efficient insurance market, therefore the situation must arise, whereby the agent’s income is equalised across the states of the world. A risk neutral insurance company can charge a premium to equalise the agent’s income across states of the world, in the best interests of the risk-averse agent. Also, for an insurance market to be  efficient, a tangency condition is implied. The tangency of the indifference curves of a risk-averse agent, and a risk-neutral agent, is where efficiency occurs. At this point, one cannot be made better off, without the other being made worse off (Pareto efficiency). However, an insurance company will never be completely efficient in real life, as information asymmetry exists. The first type of information asymmetry to arise in an insurance market is moral hazard, whereby the actions that an agent may take after signing the contract cannot be observed. This gives the company a trade-off decision between giving full insurance or offering incentives for the agent. Full insurance is first-best in the absence of asymmetric information, when the insurance company is risk-neutral and the agent is risk-averse. However, if the agent is fully insured by the company, they have no reason to prevent a bad state of the world from happening. To solve this problem, the insurance company will not offer full insurance, in order to provide the agent with an incentive to avoid losses. The second type of information asymmetry to occur in an insurance market, is adverse selection. This is when the agent has private information about his risk type and characteristics, and agents in the market are heterogenous. As the insurer doesn’t know which agents are high-risk or low risk, the company will not offer different types of full insurance to match risk-types, as high-risk agents will prefer contracts that are designed for low-risk agents. To solve this, the insurer will offer low-risk agents less insurance – this ensures that high-risk types do not have the incentive to choose a contract for low-risk customers, as they will want more insurance, because they know they will need to claim more. This ensures that the insurance company maintains non-negative profit, as high-risk individuals cost more to insure. However, these solutions carry agency costs, because the result is less efficient than if symmetric information was present. I believe that risk neutrality of an insurance company is a sufficient condition for insurance to take place. Insurance companies are risk-neutral to maximise expected profits, therefore as the principal, will design contracts to achieve this, as well as making certain that the agent picks the desired effort (i.e to prevent a bad state of the world) for that contract, and to make sure that the agent even picks the  contract in the first place. Making sure incentives are compatible, and ensuring participation by the correct risk types, are constraints on maximising expected profits. If an insurance company was risk-averse, without the availability of symmetric information, they cannot differentiate between different risk-types, and therefore would not want to take on the risk of possible high-risk agents buying low-risk contracts. They would charge a higher premium to offset this, which would discourage low-risk customers to sign a contract with the company, as it would not be maximising their own utility. This would lead to a missing market, where trade would be prevented, because other risk-neutral companies would offer better contracts, and they would be able to steal all the low-risk customers. The magnitude of this would depend on the number of low- and high-risk people in the population. This leads me to believe that risk neutrality is also a necessary condition for insurance to take place. 3.2: An insurance company will sell a policy, c, r, if it makes non-negative profits, then:  Ã¢â€ â€™ r-pic ≠¥0,  where c = payout, pi = probability of the loss state, r = premium. Competition in the market drives profit down to zero, therefore r-pic = 0 in equilibrium. For the contract to be at equilibrium, it must satisfy two conditions: the break-even condition, whereby no contract makes negative profits; and absence of unexploited opportunities for profit, because if there was a contract outside of the offered set, with non-negative profit, would mean the offered set is not in equilibrium. If all agents are homogenous, if all agents face the same probability of loss, pi=p, insurance companies would know each buyer’s pi. The firm must maximise each agent’s utility subject to the firm breaking even. This would be at the point of tangency of the agent’s indifference curve and zero-profit constraint. This would be in equilibrium as another profit-making polic y could not be offered. Therefore, as they can observe agent’s risk types, they can offer different policies, to different types: ÃŽ ¸i= ri, ci. It follows that each is offered full and fair insurance. In real life, heterogeneity is usually the case. This is when pi varies with all individuals. Assuming that there are two types: high-risk types, H, and low-risk types, L, where the probability  of loss for H is higher than for L. Individuals know their own probability of loss i=H, L, but insurance companies are unable to observe this. In this case, there are two different kinds of equilibria that insurance companies could opt with: the candidate pooling equilibrium and the candidate separating equilibrium. The pooling equilibrium is where all risk types buy the same policy. In contrary, the separating equilibrium is based on each risk type buying a different policy. In the pooling equilibrium, if both H and L risk-types choose the same policy, the probability of loss is p and the probability of no l oss is 1- p. Therefore, the slope of the ‘aggregate fair-odds line is -1-pp. The pooling contract must lie on this line to be in equilibrium, to ensure the firm breaks even exactly. The contract must also ensure both types want to buy it – it must take both L and H to higher indifference curve than the indifference curve they would be on if they stayed uninsured. Agent L ends up below his fair odds line, and H above his, which means L pays more than expected costs, and H pays less – both pay the fair pooled premium, but H claims on the policy more. So if L prefers to buy the contract, so will H. This leads me to believe both L and H will be able to get full insurance, though it’s not completely fair, as the firm does not need H to choose a different policy to remain breaking even. However, this brings to mind the notion that if full insurance is offered, the agent will not have the incentive to prevent a loss state. Therefore, less insurance will probably be offered, and as both risk types are paying the same premium of the same policy, neither will receive full insurance, as it impossible to differentiate between the two – they will both choose the same policy offered. In the separating equilibrium, one contract would be offered to L, and another to H. Each risk type must prefer the contract designed for that type (i.e. the incentives must be compatible). The contracts offered should give each type the highest possible utility, subject to the firm breaking even. If full insurance contracts were offered to both L and H, where their respective indifference curves are tangent with their respective zero-profit constraints/fair-odds lines, low risk customers would prefer the policy designed for them, but high-risk customers would also prefer the same policy, not the policy designed for them. So they would not both be offered full insurance, as this gives rise to the problem of preventing H from imitating L – low-risk agents are cheaper to insure for the firm (claim less  often) so they get a better rate. Therefore, instead of offering L full insurance, they are offered C, which is still on their fair odds line, but on a lower indifference curve, still ensuring the zero-profit constraint. Now, if the high-risk agents were to choose between the policy designed for them, and C, they will choose the policy designed for them, because they prefer to have more insurance for less money. So, in conclusion, in the separating equilibrium, high-risk (H) customers receive full insurance, and low-risk (L) customers only receive partial insurance – they pay the price to prevent H from imitating them. L is worse off than if there was symmetric information in the market, but no difference to H.

The Role of Marriage in Jane Austens Fiction Free Essay Example, 2500 words

Often, marriage is about nothing more than money. Marriage is often arranged so that one partner can elevate social status. Mr. Elliot wears mourning for the early demise of his wife (though for him this was a fortunate accident, as it leaves him to the enjoyment of the wife's fortune without the encumbrance of the wife). (McMaster, 735). However, Austen tends to have a female character who transcends societal restraints on women. In Persuasion, this character is Anne. She is distinct from many of the other female characters who marry for the typical Victorian ideals. All the previous heroines have had to learn how and whom to love. But Anne knew this all along. (McMaster, 735). Austen s key line defining the differences in approaches to marriage is apparent in Anne. She had been forced into prudence in her youth, she learned romance as she grew older" (Austen, 30). However, this is not to imply that either society or Austen see these roles and rules of Victorian society as ind estructible. Austen s role as a novelist is focusing on those who rebel against the norm. We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Marriage in Jane Austen's Fiction or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page Tim Fulford acknowledges Austen s tendency to discuss social issues of her time as he states critical inquiry into Jane Austen s novels has come to focus upon their relationship to the social and political issues of a nation (Fulford 152).

Hinduism Is A Belief System - 1053 Words

Hinduism is a traditional belief that has no founder. Compared to the other religions like Christianity, Catholicism, and Buddhism who all have a set foundation in where they have a central authority. Hinduism was formed in the year 2000 B.C. in India. This belief system is considered to be polytheistic meaning, it believes in more than one god. The Hinduism belief has four Vedic Texts: The Rigveda, The Yajurveda, The Samaveda, and The Athvaveda. The word â€Å"Hinduism† is a Persian word which refers to Sindhu River. Although this religion is said to be formed in the year 2000 B.C., Historians still have a difficult time to say when exactly it began, as it was a belief system in which was always there. Hinduism is a result of religious beliefs coming together. Hinduism is a belief system in which is believed to have many gods. Although Hindusim is seen to be polytheistic, it is not. Hindu believers see the three parts of the god as three separate gods. They are known as Vishnu, Shiva, and Brahma. Hindus believe that if they do rituals every day, they will keep these gods happy. Some rituals include: yoga, Namaste greetings, meditating, and praying. Hinduism is one of the oldest religions known to man. It is three sections, which represent the divine, the universe, and the human condition. The god Shiva represents the divine, the god Vishnu represents the universe, and the god Shakti represents the human condition. Each day, Hindus practice rituals to make these gods happy.Show MoreRelatedUnderstanding the Practices of Hinduism Essay1501 Words   |  7 Pagesthe sense that it gives a person comfort in their beliefs and practices. A particular religion that reflects the acceptance of a person’s own beliefs and practices would be Hi nduism. Hinduism is one of the oldest religions that exist in our world today. It is widely practiced all over the world, especially in the west. Sometimes Hinduism can be misunderstood, as some people don’t really know how to interpret Hinduism. What exactly is Hinduism? Exploring the many themes of this particular religionRead MoreHinduism and Budhism: Two of the World ´s Largest Religions1201 Words   |  5 Pagesworld is religious in some way. (84) Out of all the worldly belief systems there are twenty-two main religions that are recognized as having the largest population of followers.(Major) Of these, there are some that are not recognized as or do not fall under the definition of religion in their countries of origin. Two of these Religions are Hinduism and Buddhism. While some do not see these as extremely prominent, they are pinocle belief systems in the Asian continent, with over 1 billion followers allRead MoreEssay about Hinduism1135 Words   |  5 Pages What is Hinduism? Sanatana Dharma, otherwise known as Hinduism, means eternal religion. Defining Hinduism may be difficult due to multiple variations of religions, such as Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism, which have steamed from Sanatana Dharma beliefs. Instead of focusing on a direct definition of Hinduism, it might be easier to identify Hindu philosophies and key practices that make up Hindu beliefs. Is it a religion or is it a culture? The truth is - it is both a religion and a way of lifeRead MoreHumanities 130 Hinduism Paper733 Words   |  3 PagesHinduism Paper HUMANITIES 130 Hinduism is a diverse body of religion, philosophy, and cultural practice native to and predominant in India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being of many forms and natures, by the view that opposing theories are aspects of one eternal truth, and by a desire for liberation from earthly evils (GodWeb,  n.d.). In this paper I will further explore what the Hindu religion is encompassed of. And delve into what makes the religion of HinduismRead MoreCompare and Contrast Hinduism and Buddhism Essay674 Words   |  3 PagesHinduism and Buddhism Some people may think that Hinduism and Buddhism are the same religions with just two different names. They aren’t, Buddhism and Hinduism both have different types of rituals, holidays, founders, and so-on. The two extensive religions of Hinduism and Buddhism have lots of information behind themselves. They are made up of cultures, rituals, practices, and many other things. â€Å"Hinduism is a collection of religious beliefs that developed slowly over a long period of timeRead MoreHinduism Is An Umbrella Term For A Group Of Similar Religions1655 Words   |  7 PagesThe word Hinduism is not the name of one religion, rather Hinduism is an umbrella term for a group of similar religions. Hinduism is very diverse, and it is more like a family of religions instead of just a single religion. Within Hinduism there is an extraordinarily wide and diverse range of beliefs and practices from which all Hindus can choose. As a whole, Hinduism is the entire complex of beliefs and institutions that have appeared from the time of the ancient scriptures to now. Hinduism is veryRead MoreHinduism vs. Buddhism Essay627 Words   |  3 PagesHinduism and Buddhism are two of the most interesting religions in the world. To date, people still practice these religions in varying parts of the world. Although originating from the country of India, some have difficulty in differentiating between the two. Although Hinduism and Buddhism share many similarities, they are also different. What is Hinduism? Hinduism, the largest of the eastern religion and one of the oldest in the world. (Curry). Hinduism denotes the religions of majority ofRead MoreHinduism Essay993 Words   |  4 Pages1. What elements of earlier belief systems do you see integrated into Hinduism? What were the external conditions (environmental/societal/political/economic etc.) which gave rise to the origination of Hinduism? What was it about this time period? Location? Population? In some ways Hinduism is the oldest living religion since some elements of it date back thousands of years; Hinduism has no single founder, no single scripture, and no commonly agreed set of teachings despite many key figuresRead MoreJainism, Buddhism, and Hinduism: A Comparative Analysis760 Words   |  3 PagesRUNNING HEAD: Jainism, Buddhism and Hinduism Jainism, Buddhism and Hinduism all stem from the same region the Indian Subcontinent, and for this reason, have traits that are very similar to each other. Here we will discuss Jainism first and then compare it to Hinduism and Buddhism. Jainism is a religion of peace and harmony and teaches man to live in peace with not only other humans but also with other creatures on the Earth. The value system stems from the core belief of the Jains that animals, plantsRead MoreHinduism Impact On Indian Society1029 Words   |  5 PagesIn Indian society Hinduism plays a vital role in shaping Indian society. Hinduism plays a vital role in Indian society whether it be through Dharma, the caste system or Hindu rituals. To further explain how Hinduism plays a role in Indian society we need to explain what is Hinduism. One could not give a definite definition to Hinduism. Hinduism is not an organized religion but a set of belief systems and traditions that is in turn a way of life in Indian Society. Hinduism contains several sects,